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tech 25 May 2026

Perceptual Image Codec: What Matters in Practical Learned Image Compression

Explore how PICO, a perceptual image codec, redefines image compression with optimization based on the human visual system, offering unprecedented bitrate savings compared to current standards.

Introduction

Image compression has come a long way, but the advent of PICO (Perceptual Image Codec) marks a new era. Developed by Apple, this codec leverages machine learning to optimize perceptual quality and on-device performance, taking into account the human visual system. In a world where visual quality and efficiency are paramount, PICO promises impressive bitrate savings compared to both traditional and other learned codecs.

Why Learned Image Compression?

Traditional codecs like JPEG, AV1, or VVC have dominated for decades. However, with increasing image resolutions and quality demands, these solutions are beginning to show their limitations. Learned codecs offer the possibility to surpass these limits by better adapting to the nuances of image content and human preferences.

Introducing PICO

PICO stands out with its ability to reduce bitrate by 2.3 to 3 times compared to AV1, AV2, VVC, ECM, and JPEG-AI, and by 20 to 40% compared to the best-learned codecs. It's not just about numbers; it's about maintaining, or even enhancing, the visual quality perceived by the end user.

In terms of performance, PICO is impressive: it encodes 12MP images in 230 ms and decodes them in 150 ms on an iPhone 17 Pro Max, outperforming many deep learning-based codecs running on a V100 GPU.

Optimization Based on the Human Visual System

PICO's approach is based on direct optimization for the human visual system. This means the codec doesn't just compress blindly but considers how humans perceive images. The result is image quality that appears more natural to human eyes, even when the bitrate is reduced.

Cross-Platform Robustness and Compatibility

Another crucial aspect of PICO is its cross-platform robustness. Unlike many other learned codecs that may be limited to specific environments, PICO ensures consistent performance across different devices and operating systems.

Practical Implications and Use Cases

The implications of PICO for tech companies and developers are vast. Imagine a streaming service that can offer superior image quality with reduced bandwidth, or a photography app that stores more images without sacrificing quality. The possibilities are enormous.

Conclusion

PICO represents a significant step forward in the field of image compression. With its impressive bitrate savings and optimization for human perception, it sets a new standard for what learned image compression should be. If you're looking to integrate cutting-edge image compression solutions into your project, it's time to explore what PICO can offer.

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PICO codec image compression machine learning perceptual quality
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